不知道看过电影《非诚勿扰》的人还记不记得“分歧终端机”这项奇葩发明，两片带把手的塑料片组成一个圆筒，有分歧的两个人将手伸入桶中，用石头剪刀布的方式同时出拳，然后拿开塑料片，根据猜拳结果决定听谁的。这玩意儿乍一看很荒谬，但是不得不说确实在一定程度上保证了猜拳的绝对公平性。

对于一个善于猜拳高手来说，哪怕只有短短半秒钟时间，也足够他观察出对手的手势进而一招制敌，赢得猜拳胜利。因此，在玩猜拳游戏的时候，双方都会尽可能的保证同时出拳。然而，在正常情况下，“绝对的同时”是不存在的，于是“分歧终端机”这个奇葩的发明似乎就有了用武之地。可如今，区块链为类似的公平性问题，提供了更好的解决方案——commitment scheme.

Commitment scheme

Commitment scheme是一种加密算法，它允许某人承诺某个值，同时将其对他人隐藏，并在以后可以对他人显示。commitment scheme中的值具有约束力，一旦提交，任何人都无法更改它们。此方案有两个阶段：一个提交阶段，该阶段中需要选择和指定一个值；另一个是揭示阶段，此阶段显示和检查该值。其实约等于一个数字化可记录版的“分歧终端机”。

如何在以太坊上构建一个“分歧终端机”？

Commitment scheme的功能听上去简单，但适用范围却很广。接下来就让我们手把手的教你，如何用Commitment scheme在以太坊上创建一个数字化版本的“分歧终端机”。对于想要学习区块链技术的人来说，这也不啻于一个有趣又实用的实操学习。

首先，从构造函数和初始化值开始。我们需要为“玩家”提供选择，以猜拳游戏为例，选项为：石头、布和剪刀。之后，要保证它们的功能只在各自的阶段中运行。最后，创建一个表示玩家承诺的结构，并在构造函数中设置一些初始值、状态变量以及事件。

具体操作如下：

contractRockPaperScissors{enumChoice{None,Rock,Paper,Scissors}enumStage{FirstCommit,SecondCommit,FirstReveal,SecondReveal,Distribute}structCommitChoice{addressplayerAddress;bytes32commitment;Choicechoice;}eventCommit(addressplayer);eventReveal(addressplayer,Choicechoice);eventPayout(addressplayer,uintamount);//Initialisationargsuintpublicbet;uintpublicdeposit;uintpublicrevealSpan;//StatevarsCommitChoice[2]publicplayers;uintpublicrevealDeadline;Stagepublicstage=Stage.FirstCommit;constructor(uint_bet,uint_deposit,uint_revealSpan)public{bet=_bet;deposit=_deposit;revealSpan=_revealSpan;}}

完成上述步骤之后，接下了需要结合检查功能来构建一个Commit Function. 该功能只被允许在两个提交阶段之一中运行。接着，我们可以确保其固有值随交易一同发送，并且将任何额外资金退回。在完成检查后，我们可以将承诺存储起来，发出Commit event，并进入下一个阶段。

具体操作如下：

functioncommit(bytes32commitment)publicpayable{//OnlyrunduringcommitstagesuintplayerIndex;if(stage==Stage.FirstCommit)playerIndex=0;elseif(stage==Stage.SecondCommit)playerIndex=1;elserevert("bothplayershavealreadyplayed");uintcommitAmount=bet+deposit;require(commitAmount>=bet,"overflowerror");require(msg.value>=commitAmount,"valuemustbegreaterthancommitamount");//Returnadditionalfundstransferredif(msg.value>commitAmount){(boolsuccess,)=msg.sender.call.value(msg.value-commitAmount)("");require(success,"callfailed");}//Storethecommitmentplayers[playerIndex]=CommitChoice(msg.sender,commitment,Choice.None);//EmitthecommiteventemitCommit(msg.sender);//Ifwe'reonthefirstcommit,thenmovetothesecondif(stage==Stage.FirstCommit)stage=Stage.SecondCommit;//Otherwisewemustalreadybeonthesecond,movetofirstrevealelsestage=Stage.FirstReveal;}

接着，从检查这步转到揭示功能。此功能仅在揭示阶段之一中运行，且只接受有效选择。然后，找到玩家数据，以便于检查他们承诺的哈希值，确定是否有效。如果该哈希值有效，对其进行存储，触发Reveal（揭示）事件，进入下一个阶段。

具体操作如下：

functionreveal(Choicechoice,bytes32blindingFactor)public{//Onlyrunduringrevealstagesrequire(stage==Stage.FirstReveal||stage==Stage.SecondReveal,"notatrevealstage");//Onlyacceptvalidchoicesrequire(choice==Choice.Rock||choice==Choice.Paper||choice==Choice.Scissors,"invalidchoice");//FindtheplayerindexuintplayerIndex;if(players[0].playerAddress==msg.sender)playerIndex=0;elseif(players[1].playerAddress==msg.sender)playerIndex=1;//Revertifunknownplayerelserevert("unknownplayer");//FindplayerdataCommitChoicestoragecommitChoice=players[playerIndex];//Checkthehashtoensurethecommitmentiscorrectrequire(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(msg.sender,choice,blindingFactor))==commitChoice.commitment,"invalidhash");//UpdatechoiceifcorrectcommitChoice.choice=choice;//EmitrevealeventemitReveal(msg.sender,commitChoice.choice);if(stage==Stage.FirstReveal){//Ifthisisthefirstreveal,setthedeadlineforthesecondonerevealDeadline=block.number+revealSpan;require(revealDeadline>=block.number,"overflowerror");//Movetosecondrevealstage=Stage.SecondReveal;}//Ifwe'reonsecondreveal,movetodistributestageelsestage=Stage.Distribute;}

最后需要的是分配功能。我们需要在确定获胜者之后将奖励支付给他们。此功能也同之前每一步一样，只能在分发阶段或者揭示阶段完成之后才能运行。通过对结果进行检查，判定出获胜的一方，之后计算奖励，触发Payout event，将资金发送到胜者的地址，并为下一次游戏将状态重置。

具体操作如下：

functiondistribute()public{//Todistributeweneed://a)TobeinthedistributestageOR//b)Stillinthesecondrevealstagebutpastthedeadlinerequire(stage==Stage.Distribute||(stage==Stage.SecondReveal&&revealDeadline<=block.number),"cannotyetdistribute");//Calculatevalueofpayoutsforplayersuintplayer0Payout;uintplayer1Payout;uintwinningAmount=deposit+2*bet;require(winningAmount/deposit==2*bet,"overflowerror");//Ifbothplayerspickedthesamechoice,returntheirdepositsandbetsif(players[0].choice==players[1].choice){player0Payout=deposit+bet;player1Payout=deposit+bet;}//Ifonlyoneplayermadeachoice,theywinelseif(players[0].choice==Choice.None){player1Payout=winningAmount;}elseif(players[1].choice==Choice.None){player0Payout=winningAmount;}elseif(players[0].choice==Choice.Rock){assert(players[1].choice==Choice.Paper||players[1].choice==Choice.Scissors);if(players[1].choice==Choice.Paper){//Rocklosestopaperplayer0Payout=deposit;player1Payout=winningAmount;}elseif(players[1].choice==Choice.Scissors){//Rockbeatsscissorsplayer0Payout=winningAmount;player1Payout=deposit;}}elseif(players[0].choice==Choice.Paper){assert(players[1].choice==Choice.Rock||players[1].choice==Choice.Scissors);if(players[1].choice==Choice.Rock){//Paperbeatsrockplayer0Payout=winningAmount;player1Payout=deposit;}elseif(players[1].choice==Choice.Scissors){//Paperlosestoscissorsplayer0Payout=deposit;player1Payout=winningAmount;}}elseif(players[0].choice==Choice.Scissors){assert(players[1].choice==Choice.Paper||players[1].choice==Choice.Rock);if(players[1].choice==Choice.Rock){//Scissorslosetorockplayer0Payout=deposit;player1Payout=winningAmount;}elseif(players[1].choice==Choice.Paper){//Scissorsbeatspaperplayer0Payout=winningAmount;player1Payout=deposit;}}elserevert("invalidchoice");//Sendthepayoutsif(player0Payout>0){(boolsuccess,)=players[0].playerAddress.call.value(player0Payout)("");require(success,'callfailed');emitPayout(players[0].playerAddress,player0Payout);}elseif(player1Payout>0){(boolsuccess,)=players[1].playerAddress.call.value(player1Payout)("");require(success,'callfailed');emitPayout(players[1].playerAddress,player1Payout);}//Resetthestatetoplayagaindeleteplayers;revealDeadline=0;stage=Stage.FirstCommit;}

接下来提供一个完整的合约内容供大家参考：

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

contract RockPaperScissors {

enum Choice {

None,

Rock,

Paper,

Scissors

}

enum Stage {

FirstCommit,

SecondCommit,

FirstReveal,

SecondReveal,

Distribute

}

struct CommitChoice {

address playerAddress;

bytes32 commitment;

Choice choice;

}

event Payout(address player, uint amount);

//Initialisation args

uint public bet;

uintpublic deposit;

uint public revealSpan;

//State vars

CommitChoice[2] public players;

uint public revealDeadline;

Stage public stage = Stage.FirstCommit;

constructor(uint_bet, uint _deposit, uint _revealSpan) public {

bet = _bet;

deposit = _deposit;

revealSpan = _revealSpan;

}

function commit(bytes32 commitment) public payable {

// Only run during commit stages

uint playerIndex;

if(stage == Stage.FirstCommit) playerIndex = 0;

else if(stage == Stage.SecondCommit) playerIndex = 1;

else revert("both players have already played");

uint commitAmount = bet + deposit;

require(commitAmount >= bet, "overflow error");

require(msg.value >= commitAmount, "value must be greater thancommit amount");

// Return additional funds transferred

if(msg.value > commitAmount) {

(bool success, ) = msg.sender.call.value(msg.value -commitAmount)("");

require(success, "call failed");

}

// Store the commitment

players[playerIndex] = CommitChoice(msg.sender, commitment,Choice.None);

// If we're on the first commit, then move to the second

if(stage == Stage.FirstCommit) stage = Stage.SecondCommit;

// Otherwise we must already be on the second, move to first reveal

else stage = Stage.FirstReveal;

}

function reveal(Choice choice, bytes32 blindingFactor) public {

// Only run during reveal stages

require(stage == Stage.FirstReveal || stage == Stage.SecondReveal,"not at reveal stage");

// Only accept valid choices

require(choice == Choice.Rock || choice == Choice.Paper || choice ==Choice.Scissors, "invalid choice");

// Find the player index

uint playerIndex;

if(players[0].playerAddress == msg.sender) playerIndex = 0;

else if (players[1].playerAddress == msg.sender) playerIndex = 1;

// Revert if unknown player

else revert("unknown player");

// Find player data

CommitChoice storage commitChoice = players[playerIndex];

// Check the hash to ensure the commitment is correct

require(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(msg.sender, choice, blindingFactor))== commitChoice.commitment, "invalid hash");

// Update choice if correct

commitChoice.choice = choice;

if(stage == Stage.FirstReveal) {

// If this is the first reveal, set the deadline for the second one

revealDeadline = block.number + revealSpan;

require(revealDeadline >= block.number, "overflow error");

// Move to second reveal

stage = Stage.SecondReveal;

}

// If we're on second reveal, move to distribute stage

else stage = Stage.Distribute;

}

function distribute() public {

// To distribute we need:

// a) To be in the distribute stage OR

// b) Still in the second reveal stage but past the deadline

require(stage == Stage.Distribute || (stage == Stage.SecondReveal&& revealDeadline <= block.number), "cannot yetdistribute");

// Calculate value of payouts for players

uint player0Payout;

uint player1Payout;

uint winningAmount = deposit + 2 * bet;

require(winningAmount / deposit == 2 * bet, "overflow error");

// If both players picked the same choice, return their deposits andbets

if(players[0].choice == players[1].choice) {

player0Payout = deposit + bet;

player1Payout = deposit + bet;

}

// If only one player made a choice, they win

else if(players[0].choice == Choice.None) {

player1Payout = winningAmount;

}

else if(players[1].choice == Choice.None) {

player0Payout = winningAmount;

}

else if(players[0].choice == Choice.Rock) {

assert(players[1].choice == Choice.Paper || players[1].choice ==Choice.Scissors);

if(players[1].choice == Choice.Paper) {

// Rock loses to paper

player0Payout = deposit;

player1Payout = winningAmount;

}

else if(players[1].choice == Choice.Scissors) {

// Rock beats scissors

player0Payout = winningAmount;

player1Payout = deposit;

}

}

else if(players[0].choice == Choice.Paper) {

assert(players[1].choice == Choice.Rock || players[1].choice ==Choice.Scissors);

if(players[1].choice == Choice.Rock) {

// Paper beats rock

player0Payout = winningAmount;

player1Payout = deposit;

}

else if(players[1].choice == Choice.Scissors) {

// Paper loses to scissors

player0Payout = deposit;

player1Payout = winningAmount;

}

}

else if(players[0].choice == Choice.Scissors) {

assert(players[1].choice == Choice.Paper || players[1].choice ==Choice.Rock);

if(players[1].choice == Choice.Rock) {

// Scissors lose to rock

player0Payout = deposit;

player1Payout = winningAmount;

}

else if(players[1].choice == Choice.Paper) {

// Scissors beats paper

player0Payout = winningAmount;

player1Payout = deposit;

}

}

else revert("invalid choice");

// Send the payouts

if(player0Payout > 0) {

(bool success, ) =players[0].playerAddress.call.value(player0Payout)("");

require(success, 'call failed');

emit Payout(players[0].playerAddress, player0Payout);

} else if (player1Payout > 0) {

(bool success, ) =players[1].playerAddress.call.value(player1Payout)("");

require(success, 'call failed');

emit Payout(players[1].playerAddress, player1Payout);

}

// Reset the state to play again

delete players;

revealDeadline = 0;

stage = Stage.FirstCommit;

}

}

以太坊是一个公共区块链，可因此导致了对于隐私数据的管理困难。而有许多应用程序就像是上面提到的猜拳游戏一样，需要隐藏值才能正常运行，因此，commitment schemes就成为了一个卓绝的解决方案。

踢马河：RaTiO Fintech合伙人，曾任某券商自营操盘手，十余年海外对冲基金和国内大型投资机构基金经理，资深交易建模专家，币圈大咖。

请尊重原创！转载请注明出处。