在 Substrate 链上跑 Solidity ERC20 智能合约
1 前言
本实践案例中,我们首先会搭建和启动一条 substrate
链,再通过 MetaMask
这款著名的以太坊钱包浏览器插件,通过自定义 RPC
的方式,接入我们搭建好的 substrate
链。
然后我们会在 remix
这款智能合约在线 IDE
上的完成 ERC20
智能合约的开发、编译、部署、调试。remix
将通过 Injected Web3
的方式接入我们的 MetaMask
钱包,借助 MetaMask
实现和 substrate
链的交互。
2 前置准备
2.1 substrate 链启动
由于 Substrate[1] 的
runtime
没有集成EVM
,需要使用Parity
另外一个项目:Frontier[2]。Frontier
是Substrate
的以太坊兼容层。在这个项目中,增加了
pallet-evm
、pallet-ethereum
、rpc-ethereum
,可以最大程度的模拟以太坊的环境,以便可以无缝对接当前以太坊生态里面DApp
及第三方工具,如remix
、metamask
等。
2.1.1 安装
$ git clone git@github.com:paritytech/frontier.git $ cd frontier (master)$ git logcommit fcea97281661f0a0a4c28e46edbfb1238043471eAuthor: Wei Tang Date: Tue Jul 14 13:25:48 2020 +0200 (master)$ git submodule init 子模组 'vendor/ethereum' (https://github.com/rust-blockchain/ethereum) 已为路径 'vendor/ethereum' 注册子模组 'vendor/evm' (https://github.com/rust-blockchain/evm) 已为路径 'vendor/evm' 注册子模组 'vendor/substrate' (https://github.com/paritytech/substrate) 已为路径 'vendor/substrate' 注册 (master)$ git submodule update 正克隆到 'vendor/ethereum'... 处理 delta 中 : 100% (930/930), done. 子模组路径 'vendor/ethereum':检出 '4fdd3c8ac849f91f5352bc7dfc189144a09aac1e' 正克隆到 'vendor/evm'... 子模组路径 'vendor/evm':检出 '84013f3ea23e436541f409c717134dd1536143de' 正克隆到 'vendor/substrate'...fatal: 引用不是一个树:b36fc2c849ae0cba434bb3ce82e0a4dda5bcbe7a 无法在子模组路径 'vendor/substrate' 中检出 'b36fc2c849ae0cba434bb3ce82e0a4dda5bcbe7a' # 获取子模块有报错,单独 clone substrate 工程来解决 $ cd vendor$ /bin/rm -rf substrate$ git clone git@github.com:paritytech/substrate.git # 注意:这里不能切换到最新的 tag (v2.0.0-rc4),编译会报错,采用当前最新的 master 分支,可以正常编译 frontier[Jason@RUAN:~/frontier/vendor/substrate] (master)$ git logcommit 9b5a9cb9056f8ab049837d30b500fca78a6c362cAuthor: Shawn Tabrizi Date: Thu Jul 16 02:21:15 2020 +0200
2.1.2 添加个人账号
在 substrate frontier 链的创世配置里面,内建我们在 MetaMask 上的自有账号,并初始化配置上足够的 ETH 数量,以便我们开发测试的需要。
•拷贝个人测试账号地址
0x888a0bF014d1D6334002261BaC34a16f5Ce963ac
•修改 frontier/template/node/hide/chain_spec.rs
,添加以下内容:
*
+ 29 use std::str::FromStr; ! 141 let built_in_evm_account =! 142 H160::from_str("888a0bF014d1D6334002261BaC34a16f5Ce963ac").unwrap();! 143 let mut evm_accounts = BTreeMap::new();! 144 //let ten: u128 = 10;! 145 evm_accounts.insert(! 146 built_in_evm_account,! 147 evm::GenesisAccount {! 148 nonce: 0.into(),! 149 balance: (2018030320150719 as u128 * 10_u128.pow(18)).into(), // 设置账户初始 ETH 余额,注意 ETH 有 18 位小数 ! 150 storage: BTreeMap::new(), ! 151 code: WASM_BINARY.to_vec(),! 152 }, ! 153 );
2.1.3 编译
$ cargo build --release
2.1.4 运行
*
(master)$ ./target/release/frontier-template-node purge-chain --devAre you sure to remove "/root/.local/share/frontier-template-node/chains/dev/db"? [y/N]: y"/root/.local/share/frontier-template-node/chains/dev/db" did not exist. (master)$ ./target/release/frontier-template-node --dev --ws-external --rpc-external --rpc-cors=all2020-07-18 22:59:28 Substrate Node2020-07-18 22:59:28 ✌ version 2.0.0-dev-fcea972-x86_64-linux-gnu2020-07-18 22:59:28 ❤ by Parity Technologies , 2017-20202020-07-18 22:59:28 📋 Chain specification: Development2020-07-18 22:59:28 🏷 Node name: stimulating-hand-53522020-07-18 22:59:28 👤 Role: AUTHORITY2020-07-18 22:59:28 💾 Database: RocksDb at /root/.local/share/frontier-template-node/chains/dev/db2020-07-18 22:59:28 ⛓ Native runtime: node-frontier-template-1 (node-frontier-template-1.tx1.au1)2020-07-18 22:59:28 🔨 Initializing Genesis block/state (state: 0x1e15…857d, header-hash: 0xa26e…22df)2020-07-18 22:59:28 👴 Loading GRANDPA authority set from genesis on what appears to be first startup.2020-07-18 22:59:29 ⏱ Loaded block-time = 6000 milliseconds from genesis on first-launch2020-07-18 22:59:29 📦 Highest known block at #02020-07-18 22:59:29 Using default protocol ID "sup" because none is configured in the chain specs2020-07-18 22:59:29 🏷 Local node identity is: 12D3KooWMgcWheT7cvvpaaKmqNLVPRpAkGLR9V1M7pfs43DxZU6c (legacy representation: QmRN3jaSxZV5dMk1P5tm1CB9oud8pU8SGZvrUFfuS9dNMQ)2020-07-18 22:59:29 〽 Prometheus server started at 127.0.0.1:96152020-07-18 22:59:30 🙌 Starting consensus session on top of parent 0xa26e0b7f2abed8a4bcf87ca45d20d7628cf22225dd522385e7b49ee6c30522df2020-07-18 22:59:30 🎁 Prepared block for proposing at 1 [hash: 0xd3558be2df939b94ba94d82ded332216b0b06a55596d0a61a858aeaf7acc16c4; parent_hash: 0xa26e…22df; extrinsics (1): [0xead1…ac1b]]2020-07-18 22:59:30 🔖 Pre-sealed block for proposal at 1. Hash now 0x8aa38d1228213371249ff83404bd8576e3e0bce6e120f93a9fe08ec2dfdc2d86, previously 0xd3558be2df939b94ba94d82ded332216b0b06a55596d0a61a858aeaf7acc16c4.2020-07-18 22:59:30 ✨ Imported #1 (0x8aa3…2d86)2020-07-18 22:59:34 💤 Idle (0 peers), best: #1 (0x8aa3…2d86), finalized #0 (0xa26e…22df), ⬇ 0 ⬆ 02020-07-18 22:59:36 🙌 Starting consensus session on top of parent 0x8aa38d1228213371249ff83404bd8576e3e0bce6e120f93a9fe08ec2dfdc2d862020-07-18 22:59:36 🎁 Prepared block for proposing at 2 [hash: 0x570be59726cf2018fab9e7bae77208a990921291fe8164bbc1df253f8142d3f6; parent_hash: 0x8aa3…2d86; extrinsics (1): [0xec7f…0d17]]2020-07-18 22:59:36 🔖 Pre-sealed block for proposal at 2. Hash now 0xe9831c239f29745d79b0e72cc26c0db19ce4d0c7712a32dae4cc60f8ad538551, previously 0x570be59726cf2018fab9e7bae77208a990921291fe8164bbc1df253f8142d3f6.2020-07-18 22:59:36 ✨ Imported #2 (0xe983…8551)
2.2 MetaMask 接入 frontier 链
2.2.1 配置自定义 RPC 接入
这里
ChainID
填 42,源于runtime
中的定义:
> parameter_types! { pub const EVMModuleId: ModuleId = ModuleId(*b"py/evmpa"); pub const ChainId: u64 = 42; } > > impl evm::Trait for Runtime { type ModuleId = EVMModuleId; type FeeCalculator = FixedGasPrice; type ConvertAccountId = HashTruncateConvertAccountId; type Currency = Balances; type Event = Event; type Precompiles = (); type ChainId = ChainId;}
2.2.2 查看账户余额
2.2.3 开启 Gas 控制高级选项
开启该选项后,以便我们随意配置
gas limit
和gas price
:
2.3 remix 接入 MetaMask
•使用 Injected Web3
建立与 MetaMask
账号的连接
我们看到我们创建的账号已经成功接入 remix
,接下来,我们便可以进行 ERC20
合约的开发和部署了。
3 合约开发 & 部署
3.1 智能合约编写
我们要编写两个合约,其中 SafeMath.sol
是一个算数运算防溢出的安全库,xyc.sol
是一个 ERC20
智能合约。
3.1.1 SafeMath.sol
pragma solidity ^0.6.0; library SafeMath { function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { uint256 c = a + b; require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow"); return c; } function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { return sub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow"); } function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) { require(b <= a, errorMessage); uint256 c = a - b; return c; } function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { if (a == 0) { return 0; } require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow"); return c; } function p(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { return p(a, b, "SafeMath: pision by zero"); } function p(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) { require(b > 0, errorMessage); uint256 c = a / b; return c; } function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) { return mod(a, b, "SafeMath: modulo by zero"); } function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) { require(b != 0, errorMessage); return a % b; }}
3.1.2 xyc.sol
pragma solidity ^0.6.0; import "./SafeMath.sol"; abstract contract ERC20 { function totalSupply() public virtual view returns (uint256); function balanceOf(address owner) public virtual view returns (uint256); function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool); function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool); function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool); function allowance(address owner, address spender) public virtual view returns (uint256); event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value); event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);} contract xyc is ERC20 { using SafeMath for uint256; string name = "XuanYuan Coin"; string symbol = "xyc"; uint8 decimals; uint256 private_totalSupply; mapping(address => uint256) private_balances; mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private_allowances; constructor(uint256 myTotalSupply, uint8 mydecimals) public { _totalSupply = myTotalSupply; decimals = mydecimals; _balances[msg.sender] = myTotalSupply; } function totalSupply() public override view returns (uint256) { return_totalSupply; } function balanceOf(address_owner) public override view returns (uint256) { return_balances[_owner]; } function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public override returns (bool) { require(to != address(0), "ERC20 ERROR: transfer from zero address"); require(value <=_balances[msg.sender]); require(_balances[to] + value >=_balances[to]); _balances[msg.sender] =_balances[msg.sender].sub(value); _balances[to] =_balances[to].add(value); emit Transfer(msg.sender, to, value); return true; } function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public override returns (bool) { require(to != address(0)); require(value <=_balances[from]); require(value <=_allowances[from][msg.sender]); require(_balances[to] + value >=_balances[to]); _balances[from] =_balances[from].sub(value); _balances[to] =_balances[to].add(value); _allowances[from][msg.sender] =_allowances[from][msg.sender].sub(value); emit Transfer(from, to, value); return true; } function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public override returns (bool) { require(value <=_balances[msg.sender]); _allowances[msg.sender][spender] = value; emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, value); return true; } function allowance(address_owner, address spender) public override view returns (uint256) { return_allowances[_owner][spender]; } event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value); event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);}
3.2 智能合约编译
智能合约编译成功,接下来我们就将已经开发完成的 Solidity ERC20
智能合约部署到 Substrate
链上。
3.3 智能合约部署
•选择要部署的合约,填写构造方法中的发行总量和精度两个参数,点击 transact
按钮
注:当前版本需要在弹出的 MetaMask 对话框上,设置很大的 gas limit 值(
4294967295
)才能部署成功 :(
4 合约功能测试
通过 remix
完成对 ERC20
合约的功能测试。
4.1 查看发行量 & 余额
可见所有发行代币都归属于合约部署方地址。
4.2 转账测试
•给账户 2:0x8A832874304Be72b299C0ED96f22B11311c9051C
,转账 1000.00 XYC,查看账户 1 地址 XYC 代币数量为:9000.00,符合预期
•在 MetaMask 上添加自定义代币
合约地址:
0xfE2dF1EE3783eBD46481e32d849acB49ec5004Bf
•代币发行方地址所剩代币为:9000.00 XYC
•代币接收方地址代币数量为:1000.00 XYC
4.3 授权代理转账测试
•为账户 2 转账 ETH,用于支付 gas 费
•用户 1 授权用户 2 可代理转账的代币数量为 2000.00 XYC
•查看用户 2 所能授权转账用户 1 的 XYC 代币
账号 | 地址 |
---|---|
Jasonruan |
0x888a0bF014d1D6334002261BaC34a16f5Ce963ac |
Account 2 |
0x8A832874304Be72b299C0ED96f22B11311c9051C |
Account 3 |
0x6Be02d1d3665660d22FF9624b7BE0551ee1Ac91b |
•用户 2 代理用户 1 给用户 3 转账 2000.00 XYC
成功转账后,查看到用户 2 所能授权转账用户 1 的 XYC 代币数量为 0
•查看到账户 3 上 XYC 代币余额
•再次查看账户 1 上的代币余额
本文作者:rzexin
来源链接:mp.weixin.qq.com
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